Biodiverse Borderlands

Establishing Baselines in the SCB
The Southern California Borderland (SCB) is a tectonically complicated, rugged, and heavily sedimented region of the California continental shelf that lies offshore between Los Angeles and the Mexico Border. Both ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts and phosphorite marine mineral deposits occur in the SCB. Phosphorite has the potential to be a source of phosphorus for use in agricultural fertilizer, and both Fe-Mn crusts and phosphorites are enriched in rare metals that are used in electronics, green energy, and other technologies. These deep-sea resources are being considered elsewhere in the world for economic development.

Dr. Lisa Levin and her collaborators will document minerals and affiliated species distribution in the SCB, enhancing knowledge of these systems and establishing biodiversity baselines. The team will also create protocols for assessing life in mineral-rich areas through examination of animals and microbes associated with varying benthic environments. By establishing these baselines, we may better understand the biodiversity tradeoffs involved in mineral removal in deep-sea environments and identify habitat features and assemblages that may be in need of conservation. In order to do this, the team will document environmental conditions and the variety of fauna based on factors such as water depth, rock type, oxygen availability, sedimentation, and proximity to shore. The team will utilize a variety of methods to document all shapes and sizes of life, like small invertebrates, deep-sea corals and sponges, demersal fish, and microbes.

A Multitude of Methods for Characterizing the SCB
Hardground habitats of the deep sea are hard to characterize, especially quantitatively. Most characterizations have been done via video for larger animals, but not for smaller animals and microbes, which requires sampling. Using ROV SuBastian, the team will selectively sample and quantify the small animals on rock substrates and in sediments, determine their relationship with microbes, and examine the associations of both biological groups with different geologic habitats. The simultaneous investigation of biology across multiple size scales, microbial characterization, and various geologic substrates are novel aspects of the study.

ROV SuBastian will collect targeted samples of rocks, invertebrates, and microbes to characterize biodiversity. Animals and microbes will also be preserved for DNA analysis to aid identification. The science team will additionally perform detailed analyses on microbial samples in order to categorize diversity and examine therapeutic and industrial potential. They will analyze bacteria collected from the water column, the sediment, rock samples, and invertebrates from each site. Microbial life in the deep sea is poorly studied, though initial estimates suggest the diversity is extensive and distinct from that observed in other habitats.

The team will also collect a series of colonization experiments deployed in 2020 at two depths with different oxygen concentrations of 700 and 1,100 meters. Invertebrate colonization of the rocks, wood, and bone will help expand understanding of animal affinities for different substrates in the deep sea - and whether specific minerals are critical to any specific species. Through this array of methods and analyses across different environments, Levin and her team will create a holistic picture of communities living amongst mineral-rich zones. They will address biodiversity as an ecosystem service, conservation imperatives, and examine if there are alternative values in areas associated with fish and future medicines.

DDT in the Deep
The expedition will spend one day at the DDT Barrel disposal site -collecting sediment cores for analysis of seafloor fauna and microbes in relation to the barrels to determine the accumulation and influence of DDT and its derivatives.

DDT was developed as an insecticide and commonly used in agriculture and households starting in the 1940s in the US until it was banned in 1972. Strong scientific evidence linked DDT as a cause of cancer in humans and pointed to DDT having a catastrophic impact on natural environments.

The information the team will collect on the DDT barrel disposal site will be compared to fauna and microbes on rock and core samples at comparable depths from the SCB region, in order to assess the impact of DDT on the deep sea.